Copyright 2005 - AntibodyStation. Copyright 2005 - AntibodyStation.

Basic Antibody Biology Osnovni Antitijelo Biologija

Antibodies are a class of immunological proteins (immunoglobulins) produced by B-cells, and are antigen-specific. Protutijela su klase imunološkog proteina (immunoglobulins) produced by B-stanica, te su antigen-specifična.

An antigen is defined as a substance that can be bound by an antibody molecule through its antigen-binding sites, also called epitopes. (see Epitopes below) An antigen se definira kao supstanca koja može biti obvezani is jedne molekule antitijela kroz antigen-binding sites, koji se nazivaju i epitopes. (Vidi dolje Epitopes)

Many substances can, and are known to be antigenic. Mnoge tvari mogu, i poznati su se antigene.

Antigenic substances: Antigene supstance:

- Proteins -- Proteini

- Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA -- Nukleinske kiseline: DNA, RNA

- Carbohydrates or sugar groups -- Ugljikohidrata ili šećera grupe

- Lipids -- Lipids

- Small Chemical Groups -- Mali Kemijska grupa

- Peptides (10-15 amino acids long) -- Fotokromizam i Termokromizam (10-15 aminokiseline dugo)

Thus antibodies can bind almost any repertoire of antigens, including chemicals and things B-cells have never encountered before! Ovako protutijela mogu svezati gotovo bilo koje repertoar antigeni, uključujući i kemikalije i stvari B-stanice se nikad nije dogodila prije! (we will discuss how this is possible later...) (ćemo raspravljati o tome kako je to moguće kasnije ...)

Large Molecules, such as proteins and large complexes such as bacteria and viruses usually have multiple sites for antibody binding. Velikih molekula, kao što su proteini i velike komplekse, kao što su bakterije i virusi obično imaju više web-mjesta za antitijela obvezujuća. On a given protein, more than 2 antibodies are thus capable of binding. Na danoj proteina, više od 2 protutijela su tako sposoban obvezujuća.

Epitopes Epitopes

Epitopes are each site on an antigen that an antibody can bind to, and are also known as antigenic determinants. Epitopes su svaku stranicu na antigen da se antitijela mogu svezati na, a također su poznati kao antigene determinante. Epitopes can be: Epitopes može biti:

1) Conformational -( in which the antibody recognizes the secondary structure of the molecule, ie the secondary structure of the protein) 1) konformacijske - (u kojoj se prepoznaje antitijela sekundarne strukture u molekuli, tj. sekundarne strukture proteina)

2) Linear- 2) Linijski -

A) in which the antibody binds to a determinant in the denatured protein only (ie the antibody recognizes the primary amino acid sequence of the protein). A) u kojem je antitijelo veže na odrednica u samo denaturirani protein (tj. antitijela prepoznaje primarni slijed aminokiselina u proteinu).

B) in which the antibody binds to the determinant in both the denatured protein and the native protein. B) u kojem je antitijelo veže na odrednica u oba denaturirani protein i native protein.

3) Neoantigenic - which is an epitope which is not present in the native protein but becomes an epitope after the protein is cleaved by a protease (epitope is exposed by the protein being digested) 3) Neoantigenic - koji je epitope koji nije prisutan u native protein, ali postaje epitope nakon protein je cleaved a protease (epitope je izložen od strane protein se digested)

What Cells Produce Antibodies? Što proizvoditi ćelije Antibodies?

B-cells produce antibodies in response to infections, to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses, and are thus important contributors to adaptive immunity. B-limfociti proizvode antitijela kao odgovor na infekcije, identificirati i neutralizirati stranim predmetima kao što su bakterije i viruse, te su tako važne doprinose adaptivni imunitet.

Self versus Non-self? Self prema Non-self?

If Antibodies recognize almost anything why don't they attack my own body? Ako Antibodies prepoznati gotovo ništa zašto oni ne napada svoje tijelo?

One's body has pre-selected and eliminated during development every single cell that recognizes and produces antibodies against one's self or "self" proteins/molecules.  This process is flawed or becomes flawed later in life and manifests as auto-immunity, where the body attacks itself. Jedno tijelo je pre-selected i eliminira tijekom razvoja svake pojedine ćelije koje prepoznaje i proizvodi protutijela protiv one's self ili "self" proteina / molekula. Taj proces je flawed ili postaje flawed kasnije u životu i pokazuje kako je auto-imunost, gdje je tijelo napada sama.

How Can One Produce Antibodies (By Artificially Inducing Them)? Kako mogu proizvesti Jedan Antibodies (By umjetno Inducing njih)?

Injection of a foreign antigen into a mouse or rabbit induces activation of the immune system and leads to the production of antibodies specific for the injected protein. Ubrizgavanje od strane antigen u miša ili zec uzrokuje aktivaciju na imuni sustav i vodi do proizvodnje antitijela specifičnih za injected protein. The foreign antigen is thus termed an "immunogen". Na strani antigen je tako nazvao "immunogen".

Small molecules such as chemical groups and peptides are not immunogenic. Male molekule kao što su kemijska skupina i peptidi nisu immunogenic. That is if you inject them into a rabbit, they will not usually produce antibodies against them. To jest, ako ih se uvelo u kunić, oni će se obično ne proizvoditi protutijela protiv njih.

To make antibodies against small molecules such as chemicals and peptides, they must be coupled to a large protein to form a HAPTEN - CARRIER complex. Da bi protutijela protiv male molekule kao što su kemikalije i peptida, oni moraju biti vezani na protein velike da se formira HAPTEN - nosilac kompleksa.

Anigens are substances that bind to antibodies through antigen-binding sites. Anigens su supstance koje povezano s protutijela preko antigen-binding sučelja. Not all antigenic substances are immunogenic! Nije sve antigene supstance su immunogenic!

Structure of an Antibody Ustroj jedan Antitijelo

An antibody is composed of 2 Heavy Chains (IgH-Chains or I mmuno g lobulin H eavy, immuno for immune - globulin meaning protein) and 2 Light Chains (IgL-Chains). An antitijela se sastoji od 2 Teški lanci (IGH-lanci ili sam mmuno g lobulin H eavy, immuno za imuni - globulin značenje proteina) i 2 Light lanci (IgL-lanci). Disulfide bonds hold these 4 chains together. Disulfide obveznice držite ovih 4 lanci zajedno. See figure 1 below., Vidi sliku 1.,

Figure 1. Slika 1. Diagram of an antibody binding to antigen. Dijagram jedna obvezujuća antitijela na antigen. The light chains are situated on the peripheries and are smaller (thus lighter!). Svjetlost lanaca nalaze se na peripheries i manje (tako lakši!). The heavy chains are the 2 inner chains. The teški lanci su lanci unutrašnje 2. Notice that both chains contain a black region, this is called the variable region.  This is called "variable", because "every" B-cell (practically every B-cell: except clones) produces a different variable region, and thus allows for the amazing ability for B-cells to produce antibodies for almost every chemical, protein, lipid, nucleic acid, and substance known to man. Primijetiti da obje lanci sadrže crne regiji, ovo se zove varijabla regiji. To se zove "varijable", jer "svaki" B-cell (praktički svaki B-stanica: osim klonovi) proizvodi različite varijable regiji, a time omogućava je nevjerojatna sposobnost za B-stanica da proizvode antitijela za gotovo svaki kemijski, proteina, lipida, nucleic acid, i tvar poznata čovjeku.

The chains consist of Domains (think of this as lego blocks), where there are: The lanci se sastoje od Domene (mislim na ovu kao čitanje blokova), gdje se nalaze:

Constant Domains or C Domains (these are the same from antibody to antibody - compare this to variable domains) Konstanta ili C Domene Domene (ove su iste od antitijela na antitijelo - usporedite ove varijable kako bi domena)

Heavy chains have: CH1, CH2, and CH3. Teški lanci imaju: CH1, CH2 i CH3.

Light chains have CL Slaba lanci imaju CL

and there are: i tu su:

Variable Domains or V Domains (these vary from one antibody to another - and thus permit differences in antibody properties ie one binds to sugars and another to proteins). Varijabilni Domene ili V domene (ovih antitijela varira od jednog do drugog - i na taj način dopuštamo razlike u antitijelo svojstva, tj. jedan veže na šećere i drugi da proteini). Sequencing of a Great Number of Antidodies showed that the first 100-110 amino acid residues of the variable domain are diferent for different antibodies. Sekvenciranje, veliki broj Antidodies pokazao da je prvi 100-110 aminokiselinskih ostataka, domene varijable su različite za različite protutijela.

VH  for Heavy Chains VH za Teški lanci

VL for Light Chains VL svjetiljka za lanci

Domains are each 110 amino acids long and contain 2 cysteine residues forming a disulfide link loop of about 60 amino acid residues. Domene su svaki 110 aminokiseline dugo i sadrže 2 cysteine ostataka formiranju disulfide link petlja oko 60 aminokiselinskih ostataka.

The VH and VL domains come together and form the antigen-binding site or pocket, the black region which contacts the antigen in figure 1 above. The VH VL domena i dolaze zajedno i tvore antigen-binding site ili džep, crna regiji koja kontaktira antigen na slici iznad 1.

Functions of Antibodies in the Body Funkcije protutijela u Body

The immune system has a major role in the body, which is to defend against infection.  Bacteria and viruses enter through or across the skin epithelium.  These locations include but are not limited to the respiratory tract, the digestive system, and the urogenital tract, or through injuries in the skin surface. Na imuni sustav ima važnu ulogu u tijelu, koji je za obranu protiv infekcije. Bakterije i virusi ulaze kroz ili preko kože epitel. Te lokacije uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na dišne putove, probavni sustav, i Urogenitalne trakta, ili putem ozljeda na površini kože.

To deal with different pathogens, and different sites of infection, the body has at its arsenal various antibody TYPES which it can use. Da biste se bave različitim patogeni, i različitih mjesta infekcije, tijelo ima na arsenal različitih antitijela VRSTA koji se mogu koristiti.

Types of Antibodies: Vrste Antibodies:

IgM antibody isotype - Mainly found in the BLOOD. IgM antitijelo isotype - uglavnom nalaze u krvi.

IgA antibody isotype - Secreted across epithelial surfaces into the lumen of the gut, intestines, and mammary gland. IgA antitijela isotype - Secreted preko epithelial surfaces u lumen u crijevo, intestines, i mammary gland.

This is an important antibody as humans can secrete from 5 - 15 grams of IgA antibody per day! Ovo je važan antitijela kao ljudi mogu lučiti od 5 do 15 grama IgA antitijela po danu!

IgG antibody isotype - Is an antibody which is transported across the placenta into the bloodstream of the fetus. IgG antitijela isotype - je antitijelo koje se prevezli preko placente u bloodstream na fetus.

IgG is also able to neutralize toxins and prevent infections by blocking bacterial and viral entry into cells. IgG je također moći neutralizirati toksine i spriječiti infekcije blokiranje bakterija i virusnih ulazak u stanice.

IgM antibody isotype - is involved in complement fixation reaction. IgM antitijelo isotype - uključen je u komplement fixation reaction.

IgE antibody isotype - is involved in ALLERGIC reactions. IgE antitijela isotype - uključen je u alergijske reakcije.

Copyright 2005 - 2007 - AntibodyStation. Copyright 2005 - 2007 - AntibodyStation.